Nineteen Eighty Four - Fiction :: essays research papers

â€Å"Nineteen Eighty Four† – Fictional World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In English this semester we have studied three different texts. All three texts were based on original, fictional worlds. The fictional world which stood out above the rest and really amazed me would have to be ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’. ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ was the most realistic out of the three. While reading the novel you really get into the fictional world and think like the main character Winston Smith. Three aspects of the text which made this world so interesting to study were The Inner Party, Big Brother, and the Thought Police. Each of these interesting aspects in Nineteen Eighty Four play a great part in the novel itself and the way the fictional world works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Inner Party played a huge role in creating the fascinating world in ‘Nineteen Eighty Four’. The Inner Party was in charge of Airstrip1 and wanted to be superior over everyone. They wanted the party to be the people’s first loyalty over anything else. They didn’t allow marriage or even sex for this was an act of loyalty between two people and not to the party. An example of this is when Winston and Julia were caught having a sexual relationship and were taken away by the Thought Police. They were then made to betray eachother, love the Party, and to believe what ever the party said was true. The Party had control over everything even peoples minds. This was proved when O ‘ Brien held up four fingers and said to Winston â€Å"how many fingers am I holding up?† Winston replied â€Å"Five†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Big Brother also played a big role in creating the world which ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ was based in. Big Brother is a figure, which the Party has created to frighten people and give them more power. The Party can do anything they like and when someone questions them they can just say there under orders from Big Brother. Big Brother is everywhere in every house (except proles), every street, wall, and he is always shouting out â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† the text which backs this up is when Winston describes that ‘On each landing, opposite the lift shaft the poster with enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures, which are so conceived that the eyes follow you about when you move’. Big Brother is so important to the world in the novel because the figure stops thought crime, gives the people someone to look up to and someone to love, lets the Party tell the people anything they want and the people will beli eve it, such as propaganda.

Effects of Maternal Employment on Infant Development Essay

The topic of this paper is the debate of whether or not maternal employment has any effect on infant development. Research on this described topic has recently become popular due to the rise of working mothers over the past several decades. Their increasing numbers in the workplace and decreasing numbers as stay at home moms are creating a number of different issues to be studied. The effects of maternal employment are determined by a number of factors that include, the mother’s job satisfaction and drive, amount of work, and the mother’s opinion of quality versus quantity time with children. The main concept at hand here is the importance of an attachment in the first few years as being vital to a child’s later development. One side of the argument backs up this fact saying that it is important for a child to have their mother home with them during this period of development. The other side argues that they are finding that it may be more beneficial for the child to be placed in some form of nontraditional care environment. This paper will examine these different effects on infant development whether they are positive or negative. There are two sides to this argument as expected for any issue in debate. I will discuss these two sides by using the arguments of researchers that have studied this topic and written articles on their opposing feelings on maternal employment. I will summarize separately these two researchers’ different views along with their findings. After I have summarized some of their findings I will be presenting my own personal view on this topic. The authors arguing the yes side of this debate are, Jay Belsky and David Eggebeen. Their purpose in writing on this issue was to touch upon some of the issues involved in what has become known as the infant day care controversy. They reviewed previous studies of maternal employment and of the infants involved receiving various types of non-parental care and found that the children that received the type of non-parental care available in the United States for 20 or more hours a week during their first year of life are at a higher risk of developing insecure attachments to their mothers and have been known to misbehave with adults and act more aggressively toward their peers as 3 to 8 year olds. It was also found that the children that had received care for 20 or more hours per week during their first year and this care continued through their preschool years did poorly academically and socially than the children that had not received full-time care until sometime later. Sometime later referring to at least after the child’s second year of life; this is due to research that has also shown that children that began full-time care for 30 hours a week in their second year functioned just as poorly as these children whose care was initiated in their first year of life. These studies have been examined by many researchers, each of them varying and being put together a little better than the last after taking in to mind the criticism for each. After Belsky’s research was criticized another similar study was done but also took into account the background information of the child, mother and the family. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used for these studies which also lead to there being a more representative sample of children. Their research broke up the children, 4, 5 and 6 year olds, into three separate groups so they could be compared on the emotional and social functioning being studied. There were two groups differing by when their non-parental care started, either the first or second year of life, and a third for those children that had mothers that were employed less than 10 hours per week or not at all employed. The results were similar but they did distinguish that a shy child would be more likely to be affected by non-parental care, having trouble coping with their mothers away from them. Research has also been able to connect aggression toward peers with extensive and early maternal employment. In comparison to this, children whose mothers did not work during their first three years of life markedly more compliant than their peers whose mothers were employed full-time. The opposing side to this debate, written by K. Alison Clarke-Stewart, also brings up a good argument. It is obvious in our changing society that mothers bringing home their families’ only income or second income has become more common so that every year the number of their children being placed in different kinds of â€Å"nontraditional† child care atmospheres is constantly increasing. In doing her research she is looking for the marked advantages and disadvantages that these various child care environments for the involved children’s social and cognitive development. She seems to have only found advantages after coming to the conclusion, and her article’s title, that, â€Å"a home is not a school†. The research used studies involving 150 children that were 2 and 3 years old. These children belonged to one of six different child care situations, these being, care by parents, care by a sitter at home, day care, part-time nursery school, full time nursery or care in a center full-time and part-time by a sitter. It was found in these studies that children that were placed in the different day care centers and preschool programs are more likely to be socially skilled and intellectually advanced than children that stayed at home with their parents or sitters. This research also gave evidence that these children in the care of a center displayed more positive social qualities such as self-confidence, self-assurance, independence, etc. Research has shown that when the children were compared on different types of intellectual abilities, those that had been in center care scored better in eye-hand coordination, creative use of materials, memory, problem solving and reasoning, and basic knowledge about the physical world. These children also had better advanced language, showing that differences favor these children in both verbal and nonverbal skills. These differences are correlated with more physical stimulation, the amount of adult attention they receive and the opportunity for the children to interact with peers all available at these care centers. Many of the care givers in these centers have had education and training for their positions which makes them apt to be more helpful and explain things to the children. Another difference between homes and care centers is the authoritarian discipline that is usually present at home. This difference has been linked to children’s lower intellectual and social competence. All of these aspects lead to the care-center resembling a school-like environment that encourages intellectual and social development at an earlier age. As for my own personal view, this is a very tough issue as is any with convincing evidence on each side, but I have a more traditional view on mothering and feel that it is important for a child’s development to have that bond with and nurturing from their mother. This has of course become an issue because of our constantly increasing price of living; it seems that some kind of second income is now needed for most families. This issue makes it a tough call but I still feel the same. I do not think that it is easy to develop this kind of bond if the child is immediately placed into the care of someone else. My own personal experience was that my mother did not go back to work until her youngest child had started elementary school and even then she was sure that she only worked while we were in school and was usually home around the same time as us. I don’t think I could have established the bond that I have with my mother now if she had done anything different with us. I feel that it is important that a mother and father are financially ready enough to have a child without the mother having to work again right away. I do agree with setting up your child in some kind of pre-school program to help them to develop social skills and an interaction with their peer group is also important. I obviously used some of my own personal experience and feelings to make my decision. After reading the articles my mind was not changed on this debate, they just gave me more support for my position. In the articles, each side discusses how these children do academically; one side placing its emphasis on better adjustment to school and the other on more advanced skills when in school. It has been discussed that children that were not placed in non-traditional care and stayed at home with their mothers for their first three years do not take long to catch up academically with the kids that had been placed in different care environments. Children that have been able to stay at home with their mothers have also been found to be more compliance and less behavioral problems when placed into school. I think that the one-on-one relationship that they got to have with their mother right from the beginning help a great deal in creating these types of good behaviors. The children who have been placed in the care of others all their lives would not know this feeling because they have always been surrounded by other children receiving care from the same few center workers. I really feel that the best thing a mother can do for her children to ensure good development and a happy childhood is be a loving mother at home for at least the first three years of life. Once they have had this experience, and they are closer to 4 years old they will probably be ready for some kind of pre-school program.

The Conflict Between Medical Potential And Ethical Objections

Stem Cell Research: A Conflict Between Medical Potential and Ethical Objections In 2011, 23 year old Katie Sharify was involved in an automobile accident that damaged her spine, leaving her paralyzed from the chest down. Katie’s medical team proposed an experimental approach to her therapy using stem cell research, in which stem cells taken from a 5 day old embryo could be converted into cells used for communication between the brain and body. Seeing the glimmer of hope, Katie accepted. However, the funding was cut shortly after her treatment, and all of the hope she had been clinging to was seemingly lost. Three years and a 14.3 million dollar grant later, however, the research she had participated in was deemed safe and enabled to†¦show more content†¦Research regarding each type of stem cell gives way to a moral conflict for many people. In particular, there is much controversy surrounding the advancements and use of the human embryonic stem cells. This is in large part due to the way they are harvested, as extraction cannot be done by doctors and researchers without killing the embryo. There is also a perceived idea that researchers are playing god. In regard to this moral dilemma, Caulfield and Zarzeczny state While the majority of these technologies do not involve human embryos and may have distinct scientific purposes and advantages, they are nonetheless commonly linked with hESC research in the prevalent discourse. In other words, despite the fact that stem cell research only involves a small percentage of hESC in the grand scheme and also offers many advantages, people tend to be focused on the morality involving the use of hESC, possibly blinding them to all of the potential positive advantages of the other forms of stem cell research. One might consider the question If the use of hESC s causes such a hindrance on this developing technology, why not omit research on these particular stem cells and move forward with ones which don t require the destruction of an embryo?. Although this may seem like the obvious answer, the

Essay Physis vs. Nomos in Sophocles Antigone - 1460 Words

Known today as the Nature versus Nurture debate, the question of human social conduct and character development has remained a topic of interest for many philosophical discussions. Centered around the natural and socially constructed, ancient Greeks referred to this debate as physis versus nomos Ââ€" is individual behavior a primary product of custom and convention or absolute natural fact? Greek mythology addresses this dichotomy of mankind through scenarios of interaction between man and the supernatural. The juxtaposition and/or separation of physis and nomos in this way is found in many myths, an overt strategy that is used to convey Greek ideas of inherent moral responsibility. Sophocles addresses the question of physis versus†¦show more content†¦The human struggle to defy what is intrinsically wrong but established as permissible is openly apparent in the initial scenes of the play Ââ€" strong-willed and brave-hearted Antigone reveals her plan to unlawfully bury he r brother, only to be rejected and dismantled by cautious and law-abiding Ismene. Although Ismene is saddened by her brothers fate, nomos renders her helpless; social constructs have influenced her belief that their standings as women and individual citizens are no match for state law. Consequently, she is appalled that Antigone would even think of defying Creon, believing their brothers fate is out of their hands. She even warns her sister, tis witless to be over busy.1 Her chance to rightfully bury Polyneices, and more importantly, to realize her innate responsibility to her kin, is temporarily barred by human-allotted law and practice. Defiant Antigone, on the other hand, draws solely on the laws of physis to justify her worldly crime, a sinless act in comparison to Ismenes inaction. Because Ismene remains reliant on her pardoning prayers to the gods, Antigone accuses her of dishonoring the divine laws they have created for man to follow. Antigones constant decision to obey physis and act on love and compassion for her brother is portrayed as blameless and forgivable by the

Setting and Children Essay - 1468 Words

SHC 32: Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s setting. 1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role 1.2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. As a qualified level 3 practitioner I am responsible to fulfil my duties and work role to the best of my ability. In other words I always like to try to give my position my full attention and give it 100% of my time and dedication. I believe that this helps me to support the children in my reception class. I am always aware of the children within my setting that have SEN (Special Educational Needs) and try where I can to give them extra support although remembering the inclusive†¦show more content†¦Another crucial criteria of my role is to promote good behaviour and to help with this all members of staff in our classroom implements the golden rules which have to be followed at all times. We promote this by again asking children to add marbles to the jar, using praising vocabulary or by sticker charts for those children who are struggling to follow the rules. I regularly listen to the children read and keep records of their achievements which are reported back to the class t eacher. I am very fortunate that I get along quite well with the other team members in my classroom and this helps with lots of different aspects of my responsibilities and duties as I could find it extremely difficult to communicate with a member of staff if there was an atmosphere and so discussing the children’s issues or next steps may be awkward if it happens at all. Working well in a team is an essential part of becoming a level 3 practitioner no matter what the situation is as we constantly have to have involvement with team members as well as parents and other professionals to be able to provide the children in our care a fair and equal opportunity to education. In order to abide by not only my settings policies and procedures but the laws, regulations and guidelines set by local authorities and central government it is also essential to remember essential aspects ofShow MoreRelatedPolicies Of The Setting Protecting Children2010 Words   |  9 PagesPolicies of the setting Protecting Children and Young People: Framework for Scotland Scottish Executive 2004. A policy is an agreement for both employees and managers in a setting, the policies provide guidance for employees also a point of reference for managers if there are ever put into a situation where they have to make a professional or ethical decision. All children as well as young people within Scotland have the right to be in a safe environment and to be protected from harm. FurthermoreRead MorePolicies Of The Setting Protecting Children And Young People1747 Words   |  7 Pagesor confirmed, referring to current legislation and policies. Policies of the setting Protecting Children and Young People: Framework for Scotland Scottish Executive 2004. A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol, an agreement made between both employers and also managers in setting. All young people and children’s within Scotland has right to be in a safe environmentRead MoreMy Observation Of Children During Family Settings981 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Demographics For my observation of children in family settings, I observed my nephew Maison inside his home. This observation occurred on October 24, 2015 from 6:00-8:30. This observation took place in their home on a school day so no major activities in the home were going on at this time. It was an average day for the family where the children were picked up from after school daycare due to the fact that both parents are working. 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There are about 125,000 individuals less than 19 years of age with diabetes in the U.S. The majorities of these young people attend school and/or some type of day care and need knowledgeable staff to provide a safe school environment. Both parents and the health care team should work together to provide school systems and day care providers with the information necessary to allow children with diabetes to participate fully and safely in theRead MoreEngage in Personal Development in Children and Young People’s Settings834 Words   |  4 PagesUnit SHC 32 Engage in personal development in children and young people’s settings Being a Nursery worker involves a lot of hard work and dedication. We have many roles and responsibilities to follow to help provide a safe and careering environment for the children. They are as followed: * Welcoming the children and liaising with parents * Providing a safe and caring environment by doing safety checks, risk assessments * Weekly planning which is taken from a midterm plan to meet eachRead MoreHelping Children Excel At A Traditional School Or Homeschool Setting875 Words   |  4 PagesPART ONE: HELPING CHILDREN EXCEL IN A TRADITIONAL SCHOOL OR HOMESCHOOL SETTING Both of my children went to a local public elementary school, were home schooled for middle school, then they went to Florida Atlantic University High School. By the time my sons were 15 years of age, they were full time college students. They were taking around 15 credit hours at the university. One of my sons chose to purse a Cellular Neuroscience degree as a pre-med student and my second son his Electrical EngineeringRead MoreThe Impact Of Pre Employment Tests On Children And Public Settings863 Words   |  4 Pagesinnovations such as surveillance equipment, and random sampling from large item pools, evolved to aid in minimizing cheating during proctored tests (Gibby et al., 2009; Bartram 2009). The following proliferation of high speed internet into homes and public settings allowed some employers to adopt UIT in order to cut costs of pre-employment test administration while reaching a more diverse pool of applicants. Many selection officials, however, continue to use proctored tests for preliminary screening of applicantsRead MoreCurrent Educational Settings Have Classrooms With Children Of Various Abilities854 Words   |  4 Pageseducation has to be tailored to the needs and interests of individual children. 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Voluntary sector A voluntary sector is a setting that one can attend but is funded by a volunteering commite

High School Sports Importance Free Essays

High School Sports Most high schools have at least four sports they offer to their students. In many districts, there must be an equal amount of sports for boys and girls. Some even have co-ed sporting clubs. We will write a custom essay sample on High School Sports Importance or any similar topic only for you Order Now High school sports have been a vital part of the high school curriculum for many years. For years the school districts have realized the importance of sports. However, not all parents fully realize the importance. Some children are not even allowed to participate in school sports, because of the cost, the time commitment, or the possibility of injury. The truth is that high school sports are more than just fun. They are great tools to helpstudents learn about life. They can teach students who are involved many things. Teamwork, cooperation, and leadership are several things students can learn from school sports. They can take these things into their everyday lives as well. When they build confidence on the sporting field, they are also building confidence against the world. They will be able to work well with others in all other areas of life as well. High school sports are also the perfect way to keep teens away from drugs and other dangerous behaviors. Coaches are great role models that can often encourage players to be well behaved. Some schools even have limits on GPAs for their athletes. If a student athlete’s grades fall below a certain point, they cannot play. Students who love sports will do anything to play, including study more. They will also be less likely to try drugs or break the law in any other manner. So, allow your children to participate in school sports. Get involved and make friends with the parents of the other students as well. The whole family can have a great time and learn about sports together How to cite High School Sports Importance, Papers

Civil War Reconstruction Success or Failure free essay sample

Slavery was still the largest issue and the reconstruction halted because of the disagreements the people faced. After many years of working, compromising and passing laws, the task proved itself to be impossible, as the country remained to be separated. The lack of unity was present because most of the amendments, laws and rules passed during reconstruction were created to protect and ensure the rights of African Americans. However the South continued to promote slavery and putting blacks in their place until the 1 asss.President Lincoln was elected into presidency at a horrible time for the entry but he still fought to do the best he could. After the civil war the main focus of Lincoln was to rebuild the North but still keep the South happy. His plans consisted of making the Norths reconstruction a main focal point and distributing 10% of the damages done to the south to aid their reconstruction. President Lincoln thought that the states that seceded last should be given less guilt than the ones who seceded first. He gave more money to Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia and he treated them better because they were the last to secede. Along with his plans for construction came the Radical Republicans who were a small minority in congress. They were very strict on giving all rights to African Americans and wanted to punish the south. All of these ideas and plans for Lincoln were all good ideas and could have been successful but they came to an abrupt end when Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865. After the tragedy of Lincoln death, Vice President Andrew Johnson stepped up into the presidential position and started his own plans for reconstruction; his too, would turn out to be a failure.He supported hardcore Democratic principles and restoring Southern power. He brought in the remaining states back into the constitution. He divided the power Of planters and restricted there voting He created the idea of blanket pardons which allowed Southern states that had abolished slavery and repealed their articles of secession to re-assume their powers of government and elect representatives to the Congress. This all backfired because while the south was happy and the Blacks werent voting under Johnson, the Radical Republicans were angered and more conflict was started.The whole idea of everyone being happy wasnt working at all with anyone. Johnson was the second to go, being the iris impeached president ever. The third plan to come out was that of the Congress. They were more about punishing the south for what they did and giving black equal rights. Their plan was a failure because they created two major acts that were never passed. They had plans of the Freedmans Bureau Act that was a watch for racism and protection of black rights. They also came up with the Civil Rights Act in 1866 that ensured black rights but both of these were not passed.Congress did pass a reconstruction act that revoked the pardons, punished the south and protected the rights of slaves. They also passed the 14th and 15th amendments that gave blacks equal rights and voting rights. All this did was cause chaos in the south because they did believe in it even thought it was an amendment. The status of an African American was the focal problem of Reconstruction. Slavery had been abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, but the white people of the south still thought lowly of blacks and thought that they still belonged as slaves.This was shown in the Black Codes passed by some of the state legislatures. Northerners regarded these codes as a Revival of slavery in disguise. The first state to pass the codes was Mississippi in November of 1865. They were a list of codes that were totally anti-Black rights and restrained many of their rights. This was one of four main events that promoted racism in the south. Another cause of racism was the creation of the UK Klux Klan. It was created in the same month as the abolition Of slavery with the Thirteenth Amendment.A group of Ex-Confederate soldiers in Tennessee met to form a secret society of white men, dedicating their lives to resisting pro Black laws and promoting racism. It functioned as a social club for ex-Confederates and southern men. They dressed up in all white and claimed they were ghosts of dead confederates. They used terrorist tactics coming out at night and murdering/beating African Americans and commonly hung them from trees. This is an example of how the idea of reconstruction just pushed some people into attacking and killing innocent people.On July 30, 1864, Radical Republicans that were angered by black codes in Louisiana and by the legislatures refusal to give Africans the right to vote started the convention of 1864. The 25 delegates met in the convention and 200 African Americans came to support them. Former confederates were threatened by their assembly and raided the convention shooting and killing innocent victims. 00 people were injured, 34 blacks were killed, and 3 whites were killed. This is another example of the lack of unity in the county.A very large cause in allowing racism throughout the south was the Compromise of 1877. In this compromise, the Democrats gave up there chance to win the presidential election and gave the win to Rutherford B Hayes by accepting the Republican presidential electors. In return the Democrats made the Republicans withdraw federal soldiers from their remaining positions in the South. They had to enact a federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the south. They also had to appoint Democrats o patronage positions in the south, and appoint a Democrat to the presidential cabinet. With no soldiers or watch in the south they were able to commit all the acts of racism they wanted and nothing was done to stop racism until the 1 asss. Racism was a part of life for people in the south for a very long time. This all could have been prevented with a better reconstruction plan. The North had no control over the Souths act of racism because of some of the choices they made and things they sacrificed. After the Civil War the entire American population was watching the government to see what would be done about he slavery issue.When it started to tip toward favoring the free blacks, the South stepped up and pushed their way through loopholes in the system to where they could promote racism whenever they wanted. The reconstruction plans all had good points, ideas, or rules in them but none of them worked because the rebellious south din it even follow the rules they didnt want to. This made the entire reconstruction period a failure because they didnt solve the largest problem they had. They abolished slavery and it showed up in the American constitution, but it never showed up in the American society.